HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the foundational language for creating web pages and web applications. It defines the structure and layout of a webpage, allowing web browsers to interpret and display content.

Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet tool used for data management, analysis, calculations, and visualization. It’s popular in various fields, from business and finance to science and engineering, due to its flexibility and robust features.

JavaScript is a versatile, high-level programming language primarily used to add interactivity and dynamic features to web pages. It was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 and has since become one of the core technologies of the web, alongside HTML and CSS.